Every GS Paper I and CSAT subject broken down into topics and microtopics, each with the specific points it covers. 16 subjects, 69 topics, 339 microtopics.
GS Paper I
8 subjects
1Indian History4 topics
1.1
Ancient Indian History
1.1.1Prehistoric India
Palaeolithic Age
Mesolithic Age
Neolithic Age
Chalcolithic cultures
Important prehistoric sites
Stone tools, settlements and subsistence patterns
Transition from hunting-gathering to food production
1.1.2Indus Valley Civilisation
Discovery, geographical extent and chronology
Major Harappan sites and their features
Town planning and architecture
Drainage, sanitation and water management
Agriculture, crafts and industrial production
Internal and external trade
Weights, measures, seals and script
Religious practices and burial customs
Social organisation and political structure
Decline and transformation of the civilisation
1.1.3Vedic Civilisation
Early Vedic society
Later Vedic society
Political institutions and assemblies
Economic life and pastoralism
Agriculture and settled communities
Social stratification and varna
Religious beliefs and rituals
Vedic literature and its historical significance
1.1.4Mahajanapadas and the Rise of Magadha
Sixteen Mahajanapadas
Gana-sanghas and monarchies
Rise of Magadha
Haryanka, Shishunaga and Nanda dynasties
Second urbanisation
Trade, coinage and changing social structures
Causes behind the rise of Magadha
1.1.5Buddhism
Historical background and emergence
Life and teachings of Gautama Buddha
Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path
Buddhist councils
Buddhist sects and schools
Buddhist literature
Spread of Buddhism in India and abroad
Buddhist art, architecture and archaeological sites
1.1.6Jainism
Historical background
Tirthankaras and Mahavira
Core doctrines and ethical principles
Sects and councils
Jain literature
Spread and regional influence
Contributions to Indian art, architecture and philosophy
1.1.7Mauryan Empire
Chandragupta Maurya and imperial expansion
Kautilya and the Arthashastra
Mauryan administration
Ashoka's conquests and the Kalinga War
Dhamma and its principles
Ashokan inscriptions and edicts
Economy, trade and society
Mauryan art and architecture
Decline of the Mauryan Empire
1.1.8Post-Mauryan India
Shungas and Kanvas
Indo-Greeks
Shakas and Western Kshatrapas
Parthians
Kushanas and Kanishka
Satavahanas
Trade with Central Asia and the Roman world
Development of coinage
Gandhara, Mathura and Amaravati art traditions
1.1.9Sangam Age and Early South Indian Kingdoms
Sangam literature
Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas
Sangam polity and society
Agriculture, trade and maritime contacts
Megalithic traditions
Social and cultural life in early South India
1.1.10Gupta Empire and Contemporary Kingdoms
Rise and expansion of the Gupta Empire
Samudragupta and Chandragupta II
Gupta administration
Economy, land grants and trade
Science, mathematics and astronomy
Literature and education
Art and architecture
Vakatakas and their cultural contributions
Huna invasions and political changes
Gupta decline
1.1.11Early Medieval India
Pushyabhuti dynasty and Harshavardhana
Chalukyas and Pallavas
Rashtrakutas
Palas and Pratiharas
Tripartite struggle
Chola imperial expansion
Chola administration and local self-government
Temple architecture and religious developments
Land grants and agrarian expansion
Regional political formations
1.1.12Ancient Indian Art and Architecture
Stupa architecture
Rock-cut architecture
Buddhist caves
Hindu temple architecture
Nagara, Dravida and Vesara styles
Mauryan pillars and sculpture
Gandhara, Mathura and Gupta sculpture
Ancient paintings
Major archaeological sites and their distinguishing features
1.1.13Ancient Indian Literature, Philosophy and Science
Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads
Epics and Puranic literature
Buddhist and Jain texts
Sanskrit literature
Tamil Sangam literature
Schools of Indian philosophy
Ancient mathematics and astronomy
Ayurveda and medical traditions
Metallurgy and technological developments
Important scholars and their contributions
1.2
Medieval Indian History
1.2.1Early Medieval Regional Kingdoms
Major regional dynasties
Political developments after the Gupta period
Regionalisation of political power
Land grants and agrarian structures
Temple-centred economies
Regional cultural traditions
1.2.2Arab and Turkish Invasions
Arab conquest of Sindh
Ghaznavid invasions
Muhammad of Ghor
Political consequences of Turkish expansion
Early Sultanate foundations
1.2.3Delhi Sultanate
Mamluk dynasty
Khalji dynasty
Tughlaq dynasty
Sayyid dynasty
Lodi dynasty
Major rulers and their policies
Administrative and military institutions
Market regulations and revenue systems
Economic and social developments
Architecture and cultural contributions
Causes of political decline
1.2.4Vijayanagara and Bahmani Kingdoms
Foundation and expansion
Major rulers and political developments
Administration and military organisation
Economy and trade
Foreign travellers' accounts
Art, architecture and literature
Deccan Sultanates and regional developments
1.2.5Mughal Empire
Babur and Humayun
Sher Shah Suri
Akbar's conquests and administration
Mansabdari and Jagirdari systems
Jahangir and Shah Jahan
Aurangzeb and imperial expansion
Mughal revenue administration
Economy, society and trade
Mughal painting and architecture
Religious policies
Causes of Mughal decline
1.2.6Maratha Power
Rise of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Administration and military organisation
Forts and naval development
Ashtapradhan system
Chauth and Sardeshmukhi
Expansion under the Peshwas
Maratha confederacy
Anglo-Maratha conflicts
Maratha contributions to political and military history
1.2.7Other Regional Powers
Ahoms
Rajput kingdoms
Sikh political developments
Kingdoms of Kashmir and Bengal
Regional states in South India
Political developments following Mughal decline
1.2.8Bhakti Movement
Historical background
Saguna and Nirguna traditions
Major Bhakti saints
Regional Bhakti traditions
Religious and philosophical teachings
Social implications
Literature and vernacular languages
1.2.9Sufi Movement
Sufi traditions and major silsilas
Chishti and Suhrawardi orders
Major Sufi saints
Khanqahs and social interaction
Sufi literature and cultural influence
Bhakti-Sufi interactions
1.2.10Medieval Indian Art and Culture
Indo-Islamic architecture
Sultanate architecture
Mughal architecture
Regional architectural traditions
Miniature painting schools
Music and dance traditions
Literature and languages
Religious and cultural synthesis
1.2.11Advent of European Trading Companies
Portuguese
Dutch
English
French
Danish
Trading settlements and commercial competition
Carnatic Wars
Battle of Plassey
Battle of Buxar
Establishment of British political dominance
1.3
Modern Indian History
1.3.1British Expansion in India
Expansion in Bengal
Anglo-Mysore Wars
Anglo-Maratha Wars
Anglo-Sikh Wars
Subsidiary Alliance
Doctrine of Lapse
Annexation policies
British relations with Indian princely states
1.3.2British Administrative and Economic Policies
Regulating Act, 1773
Pitt's India Act, 1784
Charter Acts
Government of India Acts
Land revenue settlements
Permanent Settlement
Ryotwari system
Mahalwari system
Commercialisation of agriculture
Deindustrialisation and economic drain
Development of railways, telegraph and postal systems
1.3.3Socio-Religious Reform Movements
Brahmo Samaj
Arya Samaj
Prarthana Samaj
Ramakrishna Mission
Theosophical Society
Aligarh Movement
Satyashodhak Samaj
Reform movements among Sikhs and other communities
Women's education and social reform
Caste reform and anti-caste movements
Major reformers and their contributions
1.3.4Popular Resistance Before 1857
Tribal uprisings
Peasant revolts
Civil rebellions
Regional resistance movements
Causes and consequences of early resistance
1.3.5Revolt of 1857
Political, economic, military and social causes
Major centres and leaders
Nature and character of the revolt
Reasons for failure
Consequences
Changes in British administration
1.3.6Formation of Indian Nationalism
Growth of political associations
Indian National Congress
Moderate nationalists
Economic critique of colonialism
Early nationalist demands
Contributions of major leaders
1.3.7Extremist Nationalism and Swadeshi
Assertive nationalism
Lal-Bal-Pal
Partition of Bengal
Swadeshi and boycott
National education
Surat Split
Revolutionary nationalism
Home Rule movements
1.3.8Gandhian Phase
Champaran Satyagraha
Ahmedabad Mill Strike
Kheda Satyagraha
Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh
Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
Civil Disobedience Movement
Salt March
Round Table Conferences
Poona Pact
Individual Satyagraha
Quit India Movement
Gandhi's political methods and ideology
1.3.9Revolutionary Nationalism
Revolutionary organisations
Major revolutionary leaders
Ghadar Movement
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Kakori case
Chittagong Armoury Raid
Indian National Army
Subhas Chandra Bose
Revolutionary activities abroad
1.3.10Constitutional Developments
Indian Councils Acts
Morley-Minto Reforms
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
Government of India Act, 1935
Provincial autonomy
Cripps Mission
Cabinet Mission
Indian Independence Act, 1947
1.3.11Peasant, Tribal and Labour Movements
Major peasant movements
Tribal resistance and forest movements
Plantation labour movements
Industrial labour movements
Trade union development
Farmers' organisations
Relationship with the national movement
1.3.12Social Justice and Anti-Caste Movements
Jyotirao Phule
Savitribai Phule
Shahu Maharaj
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
Narayana Guru
Periyar
Temple-entry movements
Depressed Classes movements
Women's movements
Contributions to social equality and political representation
1.3.13Towards Independence and Partition
August Offer
Individual Satyagraha
Cripps Mission
Quit India Movement
INA trials
Royal Indian Navy uprising
Cabinet Mission Plan
Direct Action Day
Mountbatten Plan
Partition and independence
1.3.14Personalities, Organisations and Historical Chronology
Major nationalist leaders
Revolutionary figures
Reformers
Political organisations
Congress sessions and presidents
Important newspapers and journals
Major commissions and committees
Chronology of key events
Matching personalities with movements and organisations
1.4
Art and Culture of India
1.4.1Indian Architecture
Harappan architecture
Buddhist stupas and monasteries
Rock-cut caves
Temple architecture
Nagara, Dravida and Vesara styles
Sultanate architecture
Mughal architecture
Regional and colonial architecture
Modern architectural heritage
1.4.2Indian Sculpture
Harappan sculpture
Mauryan sculpture
Gandhara school
Mathura school
Amaravati school
Gupta sculpture
Medieval temple sculpture
Bronze sculpture traditions
1.4.3Indian Painting
Prehistoric paintings
Ajanta paintings
Mughal paintings
Rajput schools
Pahari schools
Deccan painting
Bengal School
Modern Indian painting traditions
1.4.4Indian Performing Arts
Classical dance forms
Folk dances
Hindustani music
Carnatic music
Classical musical instruments
Folk music
Theatre traditions
Puppetry
Martial arts
1.4.5Religion and Philosophy
Hindu philosophical traditions
Buddhism and Jainism
Sikhism
Sufi traditions
Bhakti traditions
Indian philosophical schools
Major religious texts
Religious institutions and cultural influence
1.4.6Literature and Languages
Classical languages
Sanskrit literature
Tamil and other Sangam literature
Buddhist and Jain literature
Medieval Bhakti literature
Persian and Urdu literary traditions
Modern Indian literature
Major literary personalities and works
1.4.7Handicrafts and Cultural Traditions
Traditional textiles
Pottery and ceramics
Metal crafts
Wood and stone crafts
Regional handicrafts
GI-tagged cultural products
Traditional knowledge systems
1.4.8Cultural Institutions and Heritage
Archaeological Survey of India
Ministry of Culture
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Intangible Cultural Heritage
National museums and academies
Important festivals and fairs
Cultural heritage conservation
Heritage-related current affairs
2Indian Polity and Governance14 topics
2.1
Constitutional Development and Making of the Constitution
2.1.1Constitutional History
Regulating Act, 1773
Pitt's India Act, 1784
Charter Acts
Government of India Act, 1858
Indian Councils Acts
Government of India Acts, 1919 and 1935
Indian Independence Act, 1947
2.1.2Constituent Assembly
Composition and election
Cabinet Mission Plan
Major committees
Drafting Committee
Adoption and commencement
Sources of the Constitution
Influences from other constitutions
2.1.3Salient Features of the Constitution
Written and detailed Constitution
Parliamentary system
Federal structure with unitary features
Constitutional supremacy
Rule of law
Independent judiciary
Universal adult franchise
Single citizenship
2.1.4Preamble
Meaning and significance
Sovereign
Socialist
Secular
Democratic
Republic
Justice, liberty, equality and fraternity
Amendability of the Preamble
Relevant constitutional judgments
2.1.5Union and Its Territory
Article 1 and the name of the Union
Admission and establishment of states
Formation of new states
Alteration of boundaries and names
Parliamentary powers under Article 3
Union Territories
Relevant constitutional provisions
2.1.6Citizenship
Constitutional provisions
Citizenship Act, 1955
Acquisition and termination of citizenship
Single citizenship
Overseas Citizen of India
Citizenship-related current affairs
2.2
Fundamental Rights and Constitutional Remedies
2.2.1Fundamental Rights: General Framework
Articles 12-13
Definition of State
Laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights
Doctrine of severability
Doctrine of eclipse
Judicial review
2.2.2Right to Equality
Articles 14-18
Equality before law
Equal protection of laws
Reasonable classification
Prohibition of discrimination
Equality of opportunity
Abolition of untouchability
Abolition of titles
2.2.3Right to Freedom
Articles 19-22
Six freedoms under Article 19
Reasonable restrictions
Protection in criminal convictions
Right to life and personal liberty
Due process and procedure established by law
Rights of arrested and detained persons
2.2.4Right Against Exploitation
Articles 23-24
Human trafficking
Forced labour
Begar
Prohibition of child labour in specified settings
2.2.5Freedom of Religion
Articles 25-28
Freedom of conscience
Religious practice and propagation
Management of religious affairs
Religious instruction in educational institutions
Constitutional limitations
2.2.6Cultural and Educational Rights
Articles 29-30
Protection of cultural identity
Minority educational institutions
Minority rights and institutional autonomy
2.2.7Right to Constitutional Remedies
Article 32
Writ jurisdiction
Habeas corpus
Mandamus
Prohibition
Certiorari
Quo warranto
Article 226 and High Court writ jurisdiction
2.2.8Fundamental Rights: Advanced Themes
Rights of citizens and non-citizens
Horizontal and vertical application of rights
Reasonable restrictions
Rights during emergencies
Landmark Supreme Court judgments
Contemporary rights-related developments
2.3
Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties
2.3.1Directive Principles of State Policy
Articles 36-51
Socialistic principles
Gandhian principles
Liberal-intellectual principles
Implementation and significance
2.3.2Fundamental Duties
Article 51A
Constitutional origin
Duties of citizens
Relationship with Fundamental Rights
Enforceability and judicial interpretation
2.3.3Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles
Constitutional relationship
Conflicts and harmonisation
Amendments and judicial interpretation
Basic Structure implications
2.4
Constitutional Amendments and Basic Structure
2.4.1Amendment Procedure
Article 368
Simple majority
Special majority
Special majority with state ratification
Limitations on Parliament's amending power
2.4.2Basic Structure Doctrine
Kesavananda Bharati case
Minerva Mills case
Judicial review
Separation of powers
Federalism
Secularism
Parliamentary democracy
Other recognised elements
2.4.3Important Constitutional Amendments
First Amendment
Seventh Amendment
Twenty-fourth Amendment
Forty-second Amendment
Forty-fourth Amendment
Fifty-second Amendment
Sixty-first Amendment
Seventy-third and Seventy-fourth Amendments
Eighty-sixth Amendment
Ninety-first Amendment
One Hundred and First Amendment
One Hundred and Third Amendment
One Hundred and Sixth Amendment
Other amendments relevant to current affairs
2.5
Union Executive
2.5.1President of India
Election
Qualifications and tenure
Powers and functions
Legislative powers
Executive powers
Financial powers
Judicial powers
Pardoning powers
Constitutional position
2.5.2Vice-President of India
Election and qualifications
Tenure and removal
Powers as Rajya Sabha Chairman
Role as acting President
2.5.3Prime Minister
Appointment
Powers and functions
Relationship with the President
Leadership of the Council of Ministers
Role in the parliamentary system
2.5.4Council of Ministers
Composition
Collective responsibility
Individual responsibility
Cabinet and Cabinet Committees
Ministerial appointment and removal
Council of Ministers versus Cabinet
2.5.5Attorney General of India
Appointment and qualifications
Constitutional position
Powers and functions
Rights in Parliament
Limitations and responsibilities
2.6
Parliament
2.6.1Parliamentary Structure
Lok Sabha
Rajya Sabha
Composition and representation
Qualifications and disqualifications
Terms and dissolution
Sessions and prorogation
2.6.2Parliamentary Officers
Speaker and Deputy Speaker
Chairman and Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha
Pro-tem Speaker
Panel of Chairpersons
Powers and responsibilities
2.6.3Parliamentary Procedures
Question Hour
Zero Hour
Motions and resolutions
Adjournment
Prorogation
Dissolution
Parliamentary privileges
Rules of procedure
2.6.4Legislative Process
Ordinary Bills
Money Bills
Financial Bills
Constitutional Amendment Bills
Joint sittings
President's assent
Legislative deadlocks
2.6.5Budget and Parliamentary Financial Control
Annual Financial Statement
Demands for Grants
Appropriation Bill
Finance Bill
Vote on Account
Supplementary grants
Parliamentary control over public expenditure
2.6.6Parliamentary Committees
Public Accounts Committee
Estimates Committee
Committee on Public Undertakings
Department-related Standing Committees
Select and Joint Committees
Committee on Privileges
Committee on Petitions
Committee system and accountability
2.6.7Anti-Defection Law
Tenth Schedule
Grounds for disqualification
Exceptions and merger provisions
Role of the Speaker
Judicial review
Relevant constitutional judgments
2.6.8Parliamentary Accountability
Executive accountability
Legislative oversight
Opposition and opposition leader
Declining sittings and legislative scrutiny
Parliamentary disruptions
Reforms and contemporary developments
2.7
State Government
2.7.1Governor
Appointment and qualifications
Tenure and removal
Executive and legislative powers
Discretionary powers
Reservation of Bills
Constitutional controversies
2.7.2Chief Minister and Council of Ministers
Appointment
Powers and functions
Collective responsibility
Relationship with the Governor
State Cabinet
2.7.3State Legislature
Legislative Assembly
Legislative Council
Composition and tenure
Legislative procedures
Money Bills
Speaker and Chairman
Legislative privileges
2.7.4Advocate General and State Administration
Constitutional position
Powers and functions
State executive administration
Relationship between constitutional and administrative authorities
2.8
Judiciary
2.8.1Supreme Court
Composition and appointment
Qualifications and tenure
Removal of judges
Jurisdiction
Original jurisdiction
Appellate jurisdiction
Advisory jurisdiction
Review and curative petitions
2.8.2High Courts
Appointment and qualifications
Jurisdiction
Writ powers
Judicial review
Superintendence over subordinate courts
2.8.3Subordinate Judiciary
District courts
Civil and criminal courts
Appointment of judges
Judicial administration
Independence of the subordinate judiciary
2.8.4Judicial Review and Activism
Constitutional basis
Judicial activism
Public Interest Litigation
Judicial overreach
Separation of powers
Major judgments
2.8.5Judicial Independence and Accountability
Collegium system
Judicial appointments
National Judicial Appointments Commission judgment
Judicial vacancies
Judicial accountability
Judicial reforms
2.8.6Tribunals and Dispute Resolution
Constitutional basis of tribunals
Administrative tribunals
National Green Tribunal
Other important tribunals
Alternative dispute resolution
Lok Adalats
Mediation and arbitration
2.9
Federalism and Centre-State Relations
2.9.1Federal Structure
Federal and unitary features
Legislative, administrative and financial relations
Distribution of legislative powers
Union, State and Concurrent Lists
2.9.2Legislative Relations
Articles 245-255
Territorial extent of legislation
Repugnancy
Parliament's powers over State List subjects
Relevant constitutional exceptions
2.9.3Administrative Relations
Union and state executive powers
Union directions to states
Intergovernmental coordination
All India Services
Administrative cooperation
2.9.4Financial Relations
Tax distribution
Grants-in-aid
Finance Commission
GST Council
Fiscal federalism
Centrally sponsored schemes
Resource-sharing disputes
2.9.5Inter-State Relations
Inter-State Council
Zonal Councils
Inter-state water disputes
Inter-state trade and commerce
Interstate coordination mechanisms
2.9.6Emergency Provisions
National Emergency
President's Rule
Financial Emergency
Constitutional conditions
Parliamentary approval
Effects on federalism
Safeguards and judicial interpretation
2.9.7Special Constitutional Provisions
Fifth Schedule
Sixth Schedule
Article 371 and related provisions
Scheduled and Tribal Areas
Special arrangements for selected states
Constitutional developments concerning Jammu and Kashmir
2.10
Local Government
2.10.1Panchayati Raj
Constitutional background
Seventy-third Amendment
Gram Sabha
Gram Panchayat
Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad
Elections and reservation
State Finance Commission
State Election Commission
Eleventh Schedule
Devolution and implementation challenges
2.10.2Urban Local Government
Seventy-fourth Amendment
Municipal corporations
Municipal councils
Nagar Panchayats
Ward committees
Twelfth Schedule
Urban planning and service delivery
Metropolitan governance
2.10.3Local Governance Challenges
Fiscal autonomy
Administrative capacity
Devolution of functions
Local accountability
Citizen participation
Social audits
Local governance reforms
2.11
Constitutional and Statutory Bodies
2.11.1Election Commission of India
Constitutional basis
Composition and appointment
Powers and functions
Model Code of Conduct
Electoral supervision
Election-related reforms
2.11.2Union Public Service Commission
Constitutional provisions
Composition and appointment
Functions
Advisory role
Independence and safeguards
2.11.3Finance Commission
Constitutional basis
Composition and appointment
Tax devolution
Grants-in-aid
Fiscal federalism
Recent recommendations
2.11.4Comptroller and Auditor General
Constitutional position
Appointment and removal
Powers and duties
Audit of public expenditure
Parliamentary accountability
2.11.5National Commissions
National Commission for Scheduled Castes
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
National Commission for Backward Classes
Constitutional status and powers
Differences between constitutional commissions
2.11.6Other Constitutional Institutions
Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities
GST Council
Attorney General
Advocate General
Inter-State Council
Other institutions established under the Constitution
2.11.7Statutory and Regulatory Bodies
Central Information Commission
Central Vigilance Commission
Central Bureau of Investigation
Lokpal and Lokayuktas
National Human Rights Commission
Central Consumer Protection Authority
Competition Commission of India
Securities and Exchange Board of India
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
National Green Tribunal
2.12
Elections and Political System
2.12.1Electoral System
First-past-the-post system
Proportional representation
Single transferable vote
Electoral constituencies
Delimitation
Reservation of seats
2.12.2Election Laws
Representation of the People Acts
Electoral registration
Nomination and scrutiny
Disqualification
Election petitions
Electoral offences
2.12.3Political Parties
Recognition of parties
National and state parties
Party symbols
Internal party democracy
Party funding
Political defections
2.12.4Electoral Reforms
Electoral bonds and political funding developments
Criminalisation of politics
Paid news
Election expenditure
Electronic voting machines and VVPAT
Simultaneous elections
Election Commission reforms
2.12.5Pressure Groups and Civil Society
Interest groups
Pressure groups
Trade unions
Business associations
Civil society organisations
Social movements
Influence on public policy
2.13
Governance and Public Policy
2.13.1Governance Fundamentals
Good governance
Transparency
Accountability
Responsiveness
Rule of law
Participation
Effectiveness and efficiency
2.13.2Transparency and Accountability
Right to Information Act
Citizen's Charter
Social audit
Grievance redressal
Public service delivery
Whistle-blower protection
2.13.3E-Governance
Digital public services
Digital India
Direct Benefit Transfer
Aadhaar-enabled services
Digital public infrastructure
Data protection and privacy
Technology-enabled accountability
2.13.4Anti-Corruption Institutions
Central Vigilance Commission
Lokpal and Lokayuktas
Prevention of Corruption Act
Vigilance mechanisms
Whistle-blower protection
Anti-corruption investigations
2.13.5Public Policy
Policy formulation
Policy implementation
Monitoring and evaluation
Outcome budgeting
Evidence-based policymaking
Policy implementation challenges
2.13.6Administrative Reforms
Civil service neutrality
Civil service accountability
Mission Karmayogi
Citizen-centric administration
Administrative tribunals
Public service reforms
2.14
Rights Issues and Social Justice
2.14.1Human Rights
Constitutional protections
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
National Human Rights Commission
State Human Rights Commissions
Human rights legislation
Vulnerable groups and rights protection
2.14.2Women and Child Rights
Constitutional safeguards
Women's commissions
Child rights institutions
Protection against exploitation
Important legislation
Rights-related schemes
2.14.3Rights of Vulnerable Groups
Scheduled Castes
Scheduled Tribes
Other Backward Classes
Persons with disabilities
Senior citizens
Minorities
Transgender persons
2.14.4Important Rights-Related Laws
Right to Information Act
Right to Education Act
Protection of Civil Rights Act
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act
Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act
Relevant new legislation and amendments
3Indian Economy9 topics
3.1
Basic Economic Concepts
3.1.1Fundamentals of Economics
Scarcity and choice
Opportunity cost
Demand and supply
Market equilibrium
Inflation and deflation
Economic growth and development
3.1.2National Income Accounting
GDP and GVA
GNP and NNP
Nominal and real GDP
GDP deflator
Per capita income
Base years and revisions
Methods of national income estimation
3.1.3Economic Growth and Development
Economic growth versus development
Human Development Index
Multidimensional poverty
Inclusive growth
Sustainable development
Development indicators
3.1.4Economic Planning in India
Planning Commission
Five-Year Plans
NITI Aayog
Planning models
Planning and economic reforms
Cooperative and competitive federalism
3.2
Money and Banking
3.2.1Money and Monetary System
Functions of money
Money supply
Monetary aggregates
Fiat currency
Legal tender
Digital currency
3.2.2Reserve Bank of India
Establishment and functions
Monetary policy
Currency issuance
Banker to government
Banker to banks
Regulation and supervision
3.2.3Monetary Policy
Monetary Policy Committee
Policy repo rate
Standing Deposit Facility
Marginal Standing Facility
Cash Reserve Ratio
Statutory Liquidity Ratio
Open Market Operations
Monetary transmission
3.2.4Commercial Banking
Scheduled and non-scheduled banks
Public and private sector banks
Regional Rural Banks
Cooperative banks
Small Finance Banks
Payments Banks
Non-performing assets
Banking regulation
3.2.5Financial Inclusion
Priority Sector Lending
Jan Dhan Yojana
Microfinance
Business correspondents
Self-help groups
Financial literacy
Digital financial inclusion
3.2.6Digital Payments
UPI
NEFT and RTGS
IMPS
RuPay
Payment banks
Digital payment security
Central Bank Digital Currency
3.3
Inflation and Economic Stability
3.3.1Inflation
Consumer Price Index
Wholesale Price Index
Headline and core inflation
Demand-pull inflation
Cost-push inflation
Inflation measurement
3.3.2Inflation Management
Monetary policy responses
Fiscal measures
Supply-side management
Food inflation
Fuel inflation
Inflation expectations
3.3.3Business Cycles and Economic Stability
Expansion and contraction
Recession
Stagflation
Output gaps
Employment and inflation relationship
3.4
Public Finance and Budget
3.4.1Union Budget Fundamentals
Annual Financial Statement
Revenue and capital receipts
Revenue and capital expenditure
Fiscal deficit
Revenue deficit
Primary deficit
3.4.2Taxation
Direct and indirect taxes
Progressive and regressive taxation
Income tax
Corporation tax
GST
Customs duties
Tax administration
3.4.3Government Expenditure
Revenue expenditure
Capital expenditure
Subsidies
Interest payments
Public investment
Outcome budgeting
3.4.4Public Debt and Fiscal Policy
Internal and external debt
Government borrowing
Debt sustainability
Fiscal consolidation
Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management framework
Fiscal multipliers
3.4.5GST and Fiscal Federalism
GST Council
CGST, SGST and IGST
Input tax credit
GST compensation developments
Tax devolution
Grants and transfers
3.5
Financial Markets
3.5.1Capital Markets
Primary and secondary markets
Stock exchanges
Equity and debt instruments
IPOs
Market indices
Securities market regulation
3.5.2Money Markets
Treasury bills
Commercial paper
Certificates of deposit
Call money market
Short-term government securities
3.5.3Financial Institutions
SEBI
NABARD
SIDBI
EXIM Bank
National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development
Insurance regulatory institutions
3.5.4Financial Instruments and Risks
Bonds
Mutual funds
Exchange-traded funds
Derivatives
Alternative Investment Funds
Credit ratings
Systemic risk
3.6
External Sector
3.6.1Balance of Payments
Current account
Capital account
Financial account
Trade balance
Current account deficit
Balance of payments adjustment
3.6.2Exchange Rates
Fixed and floating exchange rates
Appreciation and depreciation
Devaluation
Foreign exchange reserves
Exchange-rate management
3.6.3International Economic Institutions
IMF
World Bank Group
WTO
Asian Development Bank
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
New Development Bank
International financial cooperation
3.6.4International Trade
Exports and imports
Tariffs and non-tariff barriers
Free trade agreements
Regional trade arrangements
Trade deficits
Export promotion
3.7
Agriculture and the Rural Economy
3.7.1Agricultural Structure
Cropping seasons
Major crops and producing regions
Cropping patterns
Agricultural productivity
Irrigation
Farm mechanisation
3.7.2Agricultural Pricing and Procurement
Minimum Support Price
Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices
Procurement
Food Corporation of India
Buffer stocks
Price support mechanisms
3.7.3Agricultural Subsidies
Fertiliser subsidies
Food subsidies
Electricity subsidies
Irrigation subsidies
Direct and indirect subsidies
WTO Agreement on Agriculture
3.7.4Food Security
Public Distribution System
National Food Security Act
Targeted PDS
One Nation One Ration Card
Nutrition security
Foodgrain procurement and distribution
3.7.5Agricultural Credit and Insurance
Kisan Credit Card
Institutional agricultural credit
NABARD
Crop insurance
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
Rural indebtedness
3.7.6Agricultural Markets and Technology
Agricultural marketing
e-NAM
Farmer Producer Organisations
Warehousing and cold chains
Precision agriculture
Digital agriculture
Agricultural research and extension
3.7.7Allied Sectors
Animal husbandry
Dairy development
Fisheries
Poultry
Horticulture
Food processing
Rural non-farm employment
3.8
Industry and Infrastructure
3.8.1Industrial Development
Industrial policy
Public and private sectors
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
Industrial corridors
Production-linked incentives
Manufacturing competitiveness
3.8.2Infrastructure
Power and energy
Roads and highways
Railways
Ports
Airports
Telecommunications
Logistics and transport
3.8.3Investment and Financing
Public investment
Private investment
Public-private partnerships
Infrastructure investment trusts
National infrastructure planning
Development finance
3.9
Employment and Social Development
3.9.1Employment and Unemployment
Labour force
Labour force participation rate
Worker population ratio
Types of unemployment
Formal and informal employment
Employment data
3.9.2Poverty and Inequality
Poverty measurement
Absolute and relative poverty
Multidimensional poverty
Income and wealth inequality
Regional disparities
Poverty alleviation
3.9.3Demographic Change
Population growth
Demographic dividend
Ageing
Dependency ratios
Migration
Urbanisation
3.9.4Social Sector Expenditure
Education
Health
Nutrition
Housing
Sanitation
Social security
Welfare delivery
4Indian and World Geography5 topics
4.1
Physical Geography: Fundamentals
4.1.1Earth and Its Structure
Interior of the Earth
Crust, mantle and core
Rocks and minerals
Rock cycle
Geological time scale
4.1.2Geomorphology
Plate tectonics
Continental drift
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Folding and faulting
Mountains, plateaus and plains
Weathering and erosion
Landform development
4.1.3Climatology
Composition and structure of the atmosphere
Insolation
Heat budget
Temperature distribution
Pressure belts
Planetary winds
Humidity
Clouds and precipitation
Air masses and fronts
Cyclones and anticyclones
Jet streams
Monsoon mechanisms
El Nino, La Nina and the Indian Ocean Dipole
4.1.4Oceanography
Ocean-floor relief
Temperature and salinity
Ocean currents
Waves and tides
Coral reefs
Marine resources
Ocean-atmosphere interactions
Sea-level change
4.1.5World Climate and Biomes
Equatorial climate
Tropical monsoon climate
Desert climate
Mediterranean climate
Temperate climates
Polar climates
Natural vegetation zones
Global biome distribution
4.2
Indian Geography
4.2.1Physiographic Divisions of India
Himalayas
Northern Plains
Peninsular Plateau
Indian Desert
Coastal Plains
Islands
Major physiographic features
4.2.2Indian Drainage System
Himalayan rivers
Peninsular rivers
River basins
Tributaries
Lakes and wetlands
River interlinking
Floods and droughts
Interstate river disputes
4.2.3Indian Climate
Indian monsoon
Onset and withdrawal
Seasonal distribution of rainfall
Western disturbances
Cyclones
Droughts
Heatwaves
Climatic variability
4.2.4Indian Soils and Natural Vegetation
Major soil types
Soil formation
Soil erosion
Soil conservation
Forest types
Vegetation distribution
Forest degradation
Ecological restoration
4.2.5Agriculture and Irrigation Geography
Major crops and their distribution
Agro-climatic regions
Cropping patterns
Irrigation systems
Green Revolution
Dryland farming
Agricultural regionalisation
4.2.6Minerals and Energy Resources
Coal
Petroleum and natural gas
Iron ore
Bauxite
Manganese
Critical minerals
Renewable energy resources
Regional distribution and transport
4.2.7Industrial Geography
Location factors
Major industrial regions
Iron and steel
Textiles
Petrochemicals
Information technology
Automobile industries
Industrial corridors
4.2.8Transport and Trade Geography
Railways
Roadways
Inland waterways
Ports
Airports
Major trade routes
Economic corridors
Logistics infrastructure
4.3
World Geography
4.3.1Continents and Major Physical Features
Mountains
Plateaus
Plains
Deserts
River systems
Lakes
Major islands
4.3.2World Climate and Natural Resources
Climatic zones
Major agricultural regions
Mineral distribution
Energy resources
Forest and biodiversity regions
Water resources
4.3.3Global Population and Settlements
Population distribution
Population density
Migration
Urbanisation
Major settlement patterns
Human development variations
4.3.4World Economic Geography
Major agricultural regions
Industrial regions
Energy-producing regions
Mineral belts
International transport routes
Strategic ports and chokepoints
4.4
Human and Social Geography
4.4.1Population Geography
Population distribution
Density and growth
Demographic transition
Fertility and mortality
Migration patterns
4.4.2Settlement Geography
Rural settlements
Urban settlements
Settlement patterns
Urban hierarchy
Metropolitan regions
Urban sprawl
4.4.3Economic Geography
Primary activities
Secondary activities
Tertiary and quaternary activities
Location factors
Regional specialisation
4.5
Mapping and Geographical Current Affairs
4.5.1Indian Map Practice
States and Union Territories
Rivers and tributaries
Mountains and passes
National parks and wildlife sanctuaries
Dams and reservoirs
Ports and islands
Mineral and industrial regions
4.5.2World Map Practice
Countries and capitals where relevant
Seas and gulfs
Straits and canals
Mountain ranges
Major rivers and lakes
Deserts
Conflict regions
Strategic maritime routes
4.5.3Geographical Developments in the News
Earthquakes and volcanoes
Cyclones and floods
Glacial retreat
Changing river courses
Newly reported species and habitats
Important infrastructure projects
International corridors and chokepoints
5Environment, Ecology and Biodiversity7 topics
5.1
Ecology Fundamentals
5.1.1Ecological Concepts
Organism and environment
Habitat and niche
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Ecotone
Ecological succession
5.1.2Ecosystem Structure and Function
Producers, consumers and decomposers
Food chains
Food webs
Trophic levels
Ecological pyramids
Energy flow
Nutrient cycling
5.1.3Biogeochemical Cycles
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Water cycle
Phosphorus cycle
Ecological disturbances and cycles
5.1.4Population Ecology
Population growth
Carrying capacity
Competition
Predation
Mutualism
Parasitism
Ecological adaptations
5.2
Biodiversity
5.2.1Biodiversity Fundamentals
Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity
Biodiversity hotspots
Endemism
Threatened species
Extinction
5.2.2Indian Biodiversity
Himalayan biodiversity
Western Ghats
Indo-Burma region
Sundaland region
Coastal and marine biodiversity
Island biodiversity
Forest and grassland ecosystems
5.2.3Species in Current Affairs
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fish
Insects
Plants
Fungi and other organisms
Habitat and conservation status
5.2.4Species Conservation
IUCN Red List categories
CITES appendices
CMS
Wildlife Protection Act schedules
Species recovery programmes
Human-wildlife conflict
5.3
Protected Areas and Conservation
5.3.1Protected Area Categories
National parks
Wildlife sanctuaries
Conservation reserves
Community reserves
Biosphere reserves
Tiger reserves
Elephant reserves
5.3.2Forest Conservation
Forest types
Forest degradation
Afforestation and reforestation
Community forestry
Forest rights
Forest governance
5.3.3Wetlands and Coastal Ecosystems
Ramsar Convention
Wetland conservation
Mangroves
Coral reefs
Seagrasses
Estuaries
Coastal regulation
Marine protected areas
5.4
Environmental Pollution
5.4.1Air Pollution
Major pollutants
Sources and effects
Particulate matter
Ground-level ozone
Indoor air pollution
Air-quality monitoring
Pollution-control measures
5.4.2Water Pollution
Sources of water pollution
Eutrophication
Groundwater contamination
Industrial effluents
Sewage treatment
River pollution
5.4.3Soil and Land Pollution
Soil contamination
Pesticide pollution
Heavy metals
Land degradation
Waste disposal
Remediation
5.4.4Waste Management
Solid waste
Plastic waste
E-waste
Biomedical waste
Hazardous waste
Battery waste
Waste segregation and recycling
Circular economy
5.4.5Noise and Other Pollution
Noise pollution
Thermal pollution
Marine pollution
Light pollution
Radioactive contamination
5.5
Climate Change
5.5.1Climate Science
Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse gases
Global warming
Climate variability
Climate feedbacks
Carbon sinks
Climate tipping points
5.5.2Climate Change Impacts
Extreme weather
Sea-level rise
Glacier retreat
Ocean acidification
Biodiversity loss
Agriculture and food security
Health impacts
5.5.3Climate Change Mitigation
Carbon emissions
Renewable energy
Energy efficiency
Carbon capture
Carbon markets
Carbon credits
Nature-based solutions
5.5.4Climate Change Adaptation
Climate-resilient agriculture
Coastal protection
Urban adaptation
Disaster risk reduction
Water management
Ecosystem-based adaptation
5.5.5International Climate Framework
UNFCCC
Kyoto Protocol
Paris Agreement
Conference of the Parties
Nationally Determined Contributions
Climate finance
Loss and damage
International climate negotiations
5.6
Environmental Laws and Institutions
5.6.1Indian Environmental Legislation
Environment Protection Act, 1986
Water Act, 1974
Air Act, 1981
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
Forest conservation legislation
Biological Diversity Act, 2002
National Green Tribunal Act
5.6.2Environmental Institutions
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
Central Pollution Control Board
State Pollution Control Boards
National Green Tribunal
National Biodiversity Authority
National Tiger Conservation Authority
5.6.3Environmental Impact Assessment
EIA process
Environmental clearance
Public consultation
Environmental monitoring
Compliance and enforcement
5.7
Sustainable Development
5.7.1Sustainable Development Concepts
Sustainable development
Sustainable Development Goals
Intergenerational equity
Precautionary principle
Polluter pays principle
Carrying capacity
5.7.2Renewable Energy and Green Technologies
Solar energy
Wind energy
Hydropower
Green hydrogen
Biofuels
Battery storage
Electric mobility
Energy transition
5.7.3International Environmental Conventions
Convention on Biological Diversity
Cartagena Protocol
Nagoya Protocol
Ramsar Convention
CITES
Convention on Migratory Species
Montreal Protocol
Basel Convention
Rotterdam Convention
Stockholm Convention
Minamata Convention
6General Science and Technology4 topics
6.1
Physics
6.1.1Mechanics
Motion
Force and Newton's laws
Work, power and energy
Gravitation
Momentum
Pressure and buoyancy
6.1.2Heat and Thermodynamics
Temperature and heat
Heat transfer
Specific heat
Thermal expansion
Laws of thermodynamics
Applications in everyday life
6.1.3Waves and Sound
Wave properties
Sound propagation
Frequency and wavelength
Ultrasound
Doppler effect
Applications of sound
6.1.4Optics
Reflection and refraction
Lenses and mirrors
Human eye
Optical instruments
Electromagnetic spectrum
Applications of lasers
6.1.5Electricity and Magnetism
Electric charge
Current and voltage
Resistance
Electric circuits
Magnetism
Electromagnetic induction
Transformers and generators
6.1.6Modern Physics
Atomic structure
Radioactivity
Nuclear fission and fusion
Radiation
Semiconductors
Solar cells
Applications of nuclear technology
6.2
Chemistry
6.2.1Basic Chemistry
Atoms and molecules
Elements and compounds
Chemical reactions
Acids, bases and salts
Oxidation and reduction
Chemical bonding
6.2.2Materials and Everyday Chemistry
Metals and non-metals
Alloys
Polymers
Fertilisers
Soaps and detergents
Cement and glass
Industrial chemicals
6.2.3Applied Chemistry
Corrosion
Catalysts
Batteries
Fuel cells
Water purification
Chemical pollutants
Chemistry of common medicines
6.3
Biology
6.3.1Cell Biology
Cell structure
Organelles
DNA and RNA
Chromosomes
Cell division
Genetic inheritance
6.3.2Human Physiology
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Circulatory system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Excretory system
Reproductive system
6.3.3Nutrition and Health
Macronutrients and micronutrients
Vitamins and minerals
Deficiency diseases
Malnutrition
Immunity
Vaccination
6.3.4Genetics and Evolution
Mendelian genetics
Genes and inheritance
Mutations
Natural selection
Evolutionary mechanisms
Genetic disorders
6.3.5Microbiology
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa
Pathogens
Antibiotics
Antimicrobial resistance
6.4
Science and Technology
6.4.1Biotechnology
Recombinant DNA technology
Genetic engineering
Genetically modified organisms
Gene therapy
Genome editing
Stem cells
Cloning
Bioinformatics
Biosafety and bioethics
6.4.2Space Technology
Indian space programme
ISRO
Satellite types
Launch vehicles
Navigation systems
Remote sensing
Human spaceflight
Planetary exploration
Space debris
6.4.3Information Technology
Computer fundamentals
Internet and networking
Cloud computing
Artificial intelligence
Machine learning
Generative AI
Quantum computing
Blockchain
Internet of Things
6.4.4Defence Technology
Missile systems
Radar
Sonar
Electronic warfare
Drones
Unmanned systems
Indigenous defence manufacturing
Emerging military technologies
6.4.5Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials
Nanomaterials
Nanomedicine
Carbon nanomaterials
Advanced composites
Semiconductor materials
Applications and safety concerns
6.4.6Health Technology
Vaccines
Diagnostic technologies
Medical imaging
Gene-based therapies
Antimicrobial resistance
Medical devices
Public-health surveillance
6.4.7Nuclear Technology
Nuclear reactors
Nuclear fuel cycle
Nuclear power generation
Radioisotopes
Radiation applications
Nuclear safety
India's nuclear programme
6.4.8Intellectual Property and Innovation
Patents
Copyright
Trademarks
Geographical indications
Trade-related intellectual property rights
Technology transfer
Indigenous innovation
7Economic and Social Development3 topics
7.1
Sustainable Development and Inclusion
7.1.1Sustainable Development Goals
Origin and objectives
SDG framework
India's progress
Indicators and monitoring
Interconnections among SDGs
7.1.2Inclusive Growth
Meaning and dimensions
Financial inclusion
Regional disparities
Employment-intensive growth
Access to basic services
Inclusive development policies
7.1.3Poverty and Inequality
Poverty measurement
Multidimensional poverty
Income inequality
Wealth inequality
Regional poverty
Poverty alleviation programmes
7.2
Demographics and Population
7.2.1Population Dynamics
Population growth
Fertility
Mortality
Life expectancy
Demographic transition
Population projections
7.2.2Demographic Dividend
Age structure
Working-age population
Employment and skills
Dependency ratio
Opportunities and challenges
7.2.3Migration and Urbanisation
Rural-to-urban migration
Interstate migration
International migration
Urban growth
Informal settlements
Urban service delivery
7.3
Social Sector Initiatives
7.3.1Health
Public health systems
Primary healthcare
Health insurance
Disease prevention
Maternal and child health
Nutrition
Health missions and schemes
7.3.2Education
School education
Higher education
Vocational education
Digital education
Educational access
Learning outcomes
Education-related schemes
7.3.3Nutrition and Food Security
Malnutrition
Child nutrition
Maternal nutrition
Food security
Public Distribution System
Nutrition programmes
7.3.4Housing, Sanitation and Basic Services
Affordable housing
Drinking water
Sanitation
Rural infrastructure
Urban infrastructure
Relevant government initiatives
7.3.5Social Protection
Pensions
Insurance
Direct Benefit Transfer
Employment programmes
Welfare delivery
Social security for vulnerable groups
8Current Affairs3 topics
8.1
National Affairs
8.1.1Constitutional and Political Developments
Constitutional amendments
Supreme Court judgments
Major legislation
Constitutional bodies
Election-related developments
Centre-State relations
8.1.2Government Policies and Schemes
Newly launched schemes
Changes to existing schemes
Implementing ministries
Beneficiaries and eligibility
Funding and institutional structure
Programme outcomes
8.1.3Economic Developments
Union Budget
Economic Survey
RBI decisions
Inflation and GDP data
Banking developments
Trade and investment
Important financial reports
8.1.4Science and Technology in the News
Space missions
Biotechnology developments
AI and digital technology
Defence systems
Medical breakthroughs
Emerging technologies
8.1.5Environment in the News
Protected areas
Newly reported species
International conventions
Climate negotiations
Pollution-control initiatives
Conservation programmes
8.2
International Affairs
8.2.1International Organisations
United Nations
WHO
UNESCO
IMF
World Bank
WTO
Other important international institutions
8.2.2International Groupings
G20
BRICS
SCO
ASEAN
BIMSTEC
QUAD
Other relevant groupings
8.2.3International Treaties and Agreements
Climate agreements
Trade agreements
Security arrangements
Biodiversity conventions
Important bilateral and multilateral agreements
8.2.4Places in the News
Countries and regions
Maritime chokepoints
Conflict zones
Strategic islands
Important rivers and mountain ranges
Geopolitical and environmental significance
8.3
Reports, Indices and Awards
8.3.1Important Reports and Indices
Publishing institution
Purpose and methodology
India-specific findings
Indicators and rankings
Limitations and interpretation
8.3.2Awards and Honours
National awards
International awards
Science and literature awards
Important recipients and contributions
8.3.3Books, Personalities and Institutions
Important personalities in current affairs
Major scientific contributors
Cultural personalities
Newly established institutions
Significant institutional changes
GS Paper II (CSAT)
8 subjects
1Reading Comprehension1 topics
1.1
Passage Comprehension
1.1.1Central Idea and Main Theme
Identifying the central argument
Identifying the principal message
Distinguishing the main idea from examples
Identifying the author's purpose
1.1.2Inference-Based Questions
Direct and indirect inference
Logical implications
Conclusions supported by the passage
Avoiding unsupported assumptions
1.1.3Assumptions and Presuppositions
Identifying implicit assumptions
Distinguishing assumptions from facts
Necessary assumptions
Unsupported premises
1.1.4Tone and Attitude
Critical tone
Analytical tone
Optimistic and pessimistic tone
Neutral and descriptive tone
Satirical and sceptical tone
1.1.5Strengthening and Weakening Arguments
Supporting evidence
Counterarguments
Logical consistency
Relevant and irrelevant information
Argument evaluation
1.1.6Statement-Based Comprehension
Correct and incorrect statements
Statements that can be inferred
Statements that cannot be inferred
Multiple-statement evaluation
1.1.7Passage-Based Application
Applying the author's reasoning
Identifying implications
Evaluating hypothetical situations
Selecting the most appropriate conclusion
1.1.8Timed Reading and Accuracy
Reading efficiency
Question-first versus passage-first approaches
Option elimination
Managing long passages
Accuracy under time pressure
2Basic Numeracy2 topics
2.1
Number System
2.1.1Types of Numbers
Natural numbers
Whole numbers
Integers
Rational and irrational numbers
Real numbers
2.1.2Divisibility
Divisibility rules
Prime and composite numbers
Factors and multiples
Prime factorisation
2.1.3HCF and LCM
Highest common factor
Lowest common multiple
Relationship between HCF and LCM
Word problems
2.1.4Remainders and Unit Digits
Remainder arithmetic
Cyclicity
Last-digit patterns
Divisibility-based reasoning
2.1.5Fractions and Decimals
Fraction operations
Decimal operations
Recurring decimals
Fraction-decimal conversions
Comparison and ordering
2.1.6Powers and Roots
Exponents
Laws of indices
Squares and cubes
Square roots and cube roots
Approximation
2.2
Arithmetic
2.2.1Simplification and Approximation
Order of operations
Fractions and decimals
Approximation
Estimation
Calculation shortcuts
2.2.2Ratio and Proportion
Ratios
Equivalent ratios
Direct proportion
Inverse proportion
Compound ratios
Applications
2.2.3Percentages
Percentage conversion
Percentage increase and decrease
Successive percentage changes
Percentage comparison
Applications in economics
2.2.4Average
Arithmetic mean
Weighted average
Combined average
Missing-value problems
Average speed
2.2.5Profit, Loss and Discount
Cost price and selling price
Profit and loss percentages
Marked price
Discounts
Successive discounts
Related applications
2.2.6Simple and Compound Interest
Principal and rate
Simple interest
Compound interest
Annual and periodic compounding
Difference between SI and CI
2.2.7Mixtures and Alligation
Mixture composition
Weighted mixtures
Replacement problems
Alligation method
2.2.8Time and Work
Work rates
Combined work
Efficiency
Alternate working patterns
Work and wages
2.2.9Pipes and Cisterns
Filling and emptying rates
Combined pipes
Leak problems
Relative rates
2.2.10Time, Speed and Distance
Speed, distance and time
Relative speed
Average speed
Meeting and overtaking
Journey-based problems
2.2.11Trains, Boats and Streams
Train-crossing problems
Platform-crossing problems
Upstream and downstream speed
Relative motion
2.2.12Ages
Present age
Past and future ages
Age ratios
Equation-based age problems
2.2.13Partnership
Capital and time
Profit-sharing ratios
Changing investments
Partnership calculations
3Algebra1 topics
3.1
Algebraic Fundamentals
3.1.1Algebraic Expressions
Terms and coefficients
Simplification
Algebraic identities
Factorisation
3.1.2Linear Equations
Equations in one variable
Equations in two variables
Simultaneous equations
Word problems
3.1.3Quadratic Equations
Standard form
Factorisation
Quadratic formula
Nature of roots
Applications
3.1.4Inequalities
Linear inequalities
Number-line representation
Compound inequalities
Constraint-based problems
3.1.5Sequences and Series
Arithmetic progression
Geometric progression
General terms
Sum of terms
Pattern recognition
3.1.6Indices and Logarithms
Laws of indices
Exponential expressions
Basic logarithmic properties
Simplification
4Geometry and Mensuration5 topics
4.1
Lines and Angles
4.1.1Basic Geometrical Concepts
Points, lines and rays
Angles and angle relationships
Parallel lines
Transversals
Basic geometric properties
4.2
Triangles
4.2.1Triangle Properties
Types of triangles
Angle-sum property
Exterior-angle property
Triangle inequality
4.2.2Congruence and Similarity
Congruence criteria
Similarity criteria
Corresponding sides and angles
Applications of similarity
4.2.3Pythagoras Theorem
Theorem and converse
Right triangles
Applications
Common Pythagorean triples
4.3
Quadrilaterals and Polygons
4.3.1Quadrilaterals
Parallelogram
Rectangle
Square
Rhombus
Trapezium
Properties and area
4.3.2Polygons
Interior and exterior angles
Regular polygons
Diagonals
Perimeter and area
4.4
Circles
4.4.1Circle Fundamentals
Radius and diameter
Chords and arcs
Tangents
Secants
Circumference and area
4.4.2Circle Geometry
Angles in circles
Chord properties
Tangent properties
Cyclic quadrilaterals
4.5
Mensuration
4.5.1Two-Dimensional Mensuration
Square and rectangle
Triangle
Parallelogram
Trapezium
Circle and semicircle
Composite figures
4.5.2Three-Dimensional Mensuration
Cube and cuboid
Cylinder
Cone
Sphere and hemisphere
Surface area
Volume
Composite solids
5Permutations, Combinations and Probability2 topics
5.1
Counting Principles
5.1.1Fundamental Counting Principle
Addition principle
Multiplication principle
Sequential choices
Counting arrangements
5.1.2Permutations
Factorial notation
Arrangements of distinct objects
Restricted arrangements
Position-based problems
5.1.3Combinations
Selection versus arrangement
Combination formulas
Selection restrictions
Applications
5.2
Probability
5.2.1Basic Probability
Sample space
Events
Favourable outcomes
Probability rules
Complementary events
5.2.2Conditional Probability
Conditional events
Independent events
Multiplication rule
Basic applications
5.2.3Applied Probability
Coins
Dice
Cards
Balls and urns
Selection problems
Multi-stage events
6Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability3 topics
6.1
Logical Deduction
6.1.1Syllogisms
Categorical statements
All, some and none
Valid conclusions
Venn diagram method
6.1.2Statements and Conclusions
Direct conclusions
Logical implications
Multiple statements
Valid and invalid inferences
6.1.3Statements and Assumptions
Implicit assumptions
Necessary assumptions
Strong and weak assumptions
Hidden premises
6.1.4Statements and Arguments
Strong arguments
Weak arguments
Relevant evidence
Logical fallacies
Evaluating conclusions
6.1.5Cause and Effect
Causal relationships
Correlation versus causation
Immediate and underlying causes
Multiple-cause problems
6.2
Analytical Reasoning
6.2.1Linear Arrangements
Single-row arrangements
Directional positions
Relative order
Multiple constraints
6.2.2Circular Arrangements
Clockwise and anticlockwise seating
Relative positions
Fixed and variable positions
6.2.3Ordering and Ranking
Rank from top and bottom
Relative ranking
Height and age ordering
Position-based constraints
6.2.4Scheduling and Grouping
Timetable problems
Task allocation
Group formation
Conditional restrictions
Multi-variable arrangements
6.2.5Blood Relations
Family relationships
Generational relationships
Coded relationships
Family-tree problems
6.2.6Direction and Distance
Cardinal directions
Turns and rotations
Relative distance
Shortest-path problems
6.2.7Coding and Decoding
Letter coding
Number coding
Symbol coding
Pattern-based coding
6.2.8Series and Patterns
Number series
Letter series
Mixed series
Missing terms
Pattern recognition
6.2.9Analogy and Classification
Word analogies
Number analogies
Relationship identification
Odd-one-out problems
6.3
Advanced Reasoning Formats
6.3.1Data Sufficiency
Determining sufficiency of statements
Independent statements
Combined information
Minimum information requirements
6.3.2Decision Tables
Multiple conditions
Rule application
Eligibility-based decisions
Constraint evaluation
6.3.3Logical Puzzles
Multi-condition puzzles
Constraint satisfaction
Elimination methods
Efficient solution strategies
7Data Interpretation3 topics
7.1
Tables and Tabular Data
7.1.1Reading Tables
Row and column interpretation
Comparing values
Identifying maximum and minimum
Extracting specific information
7.1.2Calculations from Tables
Totals and subtotals
Ratios and percentages
Averages
Growth rates
Multi-step calculations
7.2
Graphical Data
7.2.1Bar Graphs
Simple bar graphs
Multiple bar graphs
Stacked bar graphs
Comparative analysis
7.2.2Line Graphs
Trend interpretation
Growth and decline
Rate of change
Multiple-series comparison
7.2.3Pie Charts
Sector angles
Percentage distribution
Conversion into numerical values
Comparative analysis
7.2.4Mixed Graphs
Tables with graphs
Multiple chart types
Cross-source comparison
Integrated calculations
7.3
Quantitative Data Analysis
7.3.1Percentage-Based Interpretation
Percentage change
Share of total
Growth rates
Relative comparisons
7.3.2Average-Based Interpretation
Mean values
Weighted averages
Combined datasets
Missing values
7.3.3Ratio-Based Interpretation
Ratios across categories
Proportional comparison
Fractional shares
Multi-variable analysis
7.3.4Data Sufficiency and Estimation
Sufficiency of numerical data
Approximation
Estimation
Avoiding unnecessary calculations
8Interpersonal Skills, Communication, Decision-Making and Problem-Solving3 topics
